Smart Clap Switch
By Using IC 555 & Arduino kit
Project Submitted To
SRI
VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY
In Partial Fulfilment
for the award of the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS
DEPARTMENT
OF PHYSICS
Submitted By
MINNELA MURALIKRISHNA ( 25021062022 )
PENUMOORU VISHNUVARDHAN ( 2502162017 )
Under the Guidance of
Dr. C. VEDAVATHI
S .V.U COLLEGE OF SCIENCES
SRI VENKATESWARA
UNIVERSITY
TIRUPATI – 517502 – ANDHRA
PRADESH
INDIA
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this dissertation is entirely original
and had not been submitted to any other university for the award of any other
degree or diploma.
Place : - TIRUPATI MINNELA MURALIKRISHNA
Date : PENUMOORU VISHNUVARDHAN
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work
entitled “ CLAP
ON AND CLAP OFF SWITCH - CLAP WHEN YOU TIREED “,
work done by MINNELA MURALIKRISHNA ( 25021062022 ),
PENUMOORU VISHNUVARDHNA (
25021062017 ), is a bonafide record of project work submitted during May to
August 2022 in partial fulfilment of the award of degree on Master of Sciences
in Electronics, Department of Physics, S.V.U College of sciences, Sri
Venkateswara University, Tirupati.
Internal – Guide
Co – Ordinator
Examiner
Head of Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With immense pleasure I would like to take to
opportunity to place on record that
“CLAP ON AND CLAP OFF SWITCH - CLAP WHEN YOU TIRED ” have taken shape,
due to cooperation extended us by certain individuals. We consider it as
privilege to thank all those people who helped us in completing this project.
We express our sincere and profound gratitude
to Asst Prof. S VENKATARAMANA REDDY Sir,
Co-ordinator, M.S c Electronics, Department of physics, S.V.U. College of
Sciences, for their support, help, guidance and encouragement in course of our
project .
We express our sincere and profound gratitude to Prof. V. RAJAGOPAL REDDY Sir, Head of
the Department, department of physics, S.V. U College of sciences, for their
support, help, guidance and encouragement in course of our project.
First and foremost, I would like take to this
opportunity to thank our lecturers of Dr. C. VEDAVATHI MADAM, for their
guidance and advice on this project. At the same time, I won't forget my
participant and also friends. Because they quite good with sharing some of
their information with complete this project successfully. Last but not least I
am very grate full to our college lectures and friends they give us enough of
time to complete this project and at the same time and I would like to thank my
friends and classmates who helps may complete this project.
MINNELA MURLAIKRISHNA
PENUMOORU VISHNUVARDHNA
INDEX
Title Page No
ABSTRACT
1.
Chapter
: - INTRODUCTION
2.
Chapter
: - COMPONENTS
2.1 Resistors.
2.2 Capacitors
2.3 Battery
2.4 BC
547 Transistors
2.5 IC
555 Timer
2.6 LED’s
2.7 Micro
– Phone.
3.
Chapter
: - PIN DISCRIPTION
3.1 Clap
ON & Clap OFF Switch By Using IC 555 Timer
3.2 NPN
Characteristics.
3.3 Clap
ON & Off Switch By Using Arduino UNO Kit.
4.
Chapter
: - CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & WORKING OF CIRCUIT
4.1 Circuit
Diagram of IC 555
4.2 Circuit
Diagram of Arduino UNO
4.2.1
LM393
Sound Sensor Module
4.2.2 5V Relay Module
4.2.3 ARDUINO
PROGRAME FOR CLAPPIG SWITCH
Title Page
No
5.
Chapter
: - PLANNING
AND APPROACH
6.
Chapter
: - APPLICATIONS
7.
Chapter
: - ADVANTAGES
8.
Chapter
: - CONCLUSION
9.
Chapter
: - FUTURE SCOPE
10.Chapter : - RESULTS
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
The " Clap On and Clap Off Switch " is an interesting concept that could be used
in home automation. It works as a switch which makes devices ON and OFF by
making a clap sound. Although its name is “Clap switch”, but it can be turned
ON by any sound of about same pitch of Clap sound.
The main component of the circuit is the
Electric Condenser Mic, which has been used as a sound sensor. Condenser Mic
basically converts sound energy into electrical energy, that in turns used to
trigger 555 timer IC, through a Transistor. And triggering of IC 555 TIMER
works as a Clock pulse for D-type flip-flop and would turn ON the LED, which
will remain ON until the next clock pulse means until the next Clap/sound. So
this is the Clap Switch which will turn ON with first Clap and turn OFF with
the second Clap.
If we remove the D-type Flip flop from
the circuit, the LED will be turned OFF automatically after some time and this
time will be 1.1xR1xC1 seconds, The basic idea of clap switch is that the
electric microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of
that book knocked off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is
amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. Two transistors cross connected
as a bistable multivibrator change state at each signal. One of these transistors
drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp. Basically, this is a Sound
operated switch. For example, fan, fluorescent light, TV and other appliances
can be switched on (or) off by clapping. This circuit can be used by changing
individual situations.
Index Terms -
Flip Flop Circuit, Audio Amplifier, Circuit Amplifier, BC547 Transistor, IC555
Timer, Led, Condenser
microphone, BJT, decade counter, LED, Relays, Arduino Uno kit, LM393 Sound
sensor.
* * * *
|
CHAPTER – 1 CHAPTER – 1 |
INTRODUCTION
1.
INTRODUCTION
: -
This is a
project on CLAP SWITCH which can switch on/off any electrical circuit by the
sound of a clap. The operation of the circuit is simple. If we clap the lamp
turns on and to switch it off clap again . The condenser microphone picks up
the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that book knocked off the
table. It produces a small electrical signal which is amplified by the
succeeding transistor stage.
Two transistors cross connected as a bi - stable
multi vibrator change state at each signal. One of these transistors drives a
heavier transistor which controls a lamp. This circuit can switch on and off a
light, a fan or a radio etc., by the sound of a clap This circuit is
constructed using basic electronic components like resistors, transistors,
relay, transformer, capacitors.
This
circuit turns “ ON ‟ light for the first clap. The light turns ON till the next
clap. For the next clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V
voltage. Therefore a step-down transformer 12V/300mA is employed. This working
of this circuit is based on amplifying nature of the transistor, switching nature
of transistor, relay as an electronic switch .Basically, this is a Sound
operated switch.
The basic principle of this clap
switch circuit is that it converts sound signal into electrical energy. The
input component is a transducer that receives clap sound as input and converts
it to electrical pulse. The basic idea of clap switch is that the electric
microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that book
knocked off the table.
It produces a small electrical signal which is
amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. Two transistors cross connected
as a bi - stable multi vibrator change state at each signal. One of these
transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp.
A clap
switch is a switch but they didn’t work with your physical movement, all
they want to work is clapping sound or produce a sound equivalent to the pitch
of same as clapping sound. A circuited switch,
which operates with sound of clapping hands or something similar; i.e. the
switch comes to 'on' position when clapped once or twice, and to off' position
when again clapped once or twice (depends on circuit design). A clap -switch
circuit is a sound sensitive circuit. .
The operation of the
circuit is simple. Clap and the lamp turns on. Clap again and it turns off. The
condenser microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of
that book knocked off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is
amplified by the succeeding transistor stage.
Two transistors
cross connected as a bistable multivibrator change state at each signal. One of
these transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp. This
circuit can switch on and off a light, a fan or a radio etc by the sound of a
clap. This working of this circuit is based on amplifying nature of the
transistor, switching nature of transistor, relay as an electronic switch.
The LED on-time can be
varied by changing the value of the capacitor (100mF). When capacitor value is
changed from 100 mF to 10mF, the LED on time is decreased. Your clap should be
loud, you can blow air from your mouth on the electric condenser to turn on the
LED.
* * * *
CHAPTER – 2
COMPONENTS
2. COMPONENTS : –
2.1 RESISTORS : -
Resistors are the most common passive
electronic component (one that does not require power to operate). They are
used to control voltages and currents. While a resistor is a very basic
component, there are many ways to manufacture them. Observe the physical
structure of the resistor as shown below figure a.
Figure
- Resistors
Each style has its own
characteristics that make it desirable in certain types of applications.
Choosing the right type of resistor is important to making high-performance or
precision circuits work well. This bonus chapter covers the resistor types and
helps with picking the right one for your project
All resistors are
basically just a piece of conducting material with a specific value of
resistance. For that piece of conducting material to be made into a practical
resistor, a pair of electrodes and leads are attached so current can flow. The
resistor is then coated with an insulating material to protect the conducting
material from the surrounding environment and vice versa.
There are several different
resistor construction methods and body styles (or packages) that are designed
for a certain range of applied voltage, power dissipation, or other
considerations. The construction of the resistor can affect its performance at
high frequencies where it may act like a small inductor or capacitor has been
added, called parasitic inductance or capacitance.
What is a resistor, how does it work and
what are its various types and applications?
A resistor is a passive two-terminal
electrical component of a circuit that implements electrical resistance in the
circuit; resistance in turn is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an
electrical circuit.
Thus resistors are basically used to
decrease current flow, adjust signal levels, divide voltages, bias active
elements, and end transmission lines, among other things.
The resistance implemented by
resistors is calculated in ohms (Ω). An ohm is the resistance that occurs when
a current of one ampere (A, or I) passes through a resistor with a one volt (V)
drop across its terminals.
The current is proportional to the
voltage across both ends of the terminal. The ratio is represented by Ohm’s law
that states that: R = V/ I, where V is the voltage, I is the current and R is
the resistance.
Today, resistors are used for many
purposes, including limiting electric current, generating heat, dividing
voltage, matching and loading electronic circuits and setting time constants.
Available in the markets with
resistance values over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude, resistors
can be tinier than a square millimeter as seen in many electronic items and
they could also be used as electric brakes to chip away kinetic energy from
trains.
The international
IEC (International Electro technical Commission, an international standards
organization) symbol for a resistor is a rectangular shape with leads at each
end as seen below figure :
Figure – Square symbol
Resistor
However, in the US, the
fixed resistor is typically symbolized by a zigzag line as seen below figure :
Figure –
Electronic Symbol Resistor
How does a resistor work?
A resistor’s
function is to restrict/ limit the flow of electrical current and it carries
out its function in one of three ways: one is through the use of a less
conductive material, another involves making the conductive material thinner
and lastly. It works by making the conductive material longer.
Many
resistors today are wire-wound; here there’s a conductive wire wound around an
insulating middle, while other resistors instead have a spiral of carbon,
called carbon-film. Wire-wound resistors are typically more precise and stable
than carbon-film ones, the resistance of these resistors is controlled by the
number of turns and thickness of the wire. And while there are several types of
resistors out there, they all operate as per the same three principles shared
above.
In
this example, we have a 15 volt d.c. supply for a 3 volt LED. Without a current
limiting resistor or even in case of low resistance (which would mean more
current flowing through the circuit), the LED will burn. So we use a resistor
that goes on to limit the current and cause a voltage drop.
What then should the
resistance of the resistor be in order to do so?
So
to start with, we see that the circuit has 15 volts power supply, out of which
3 volts are used by the LED, this means that there’s 12 volts for the resistor.
We also know that the circuit must have a current of about 20 milliamps (0.02
amps) else the LED will burn out.
We now use the Ohm’s Law to find the
resistance (R) needed to protect the LED from excessive current. Ohm’s Law is V
= I×R
So substituting the values here, we
get
12 = 0.02×R
Therefore, R = 12 ÷0.02
Thus, R = 600
Ω
Using Ohm’s Law we see that we need
a 450 ohm resistor for the LED to not burn.
Figure – Finding a Resistor
Finding the resistance of a resistor
Resistor color code is commonly used
to find the resistance of a resistor. The color coding method is quite simple,
where each color is associated with a number between 0 and 9.
2.2 CAPACITOR :
-
Capacitor
has ability to store charge and release them at a later time. Capacitance is
the measure of the amount of charge that a capacitor can store for a given
applied voltage. The unit of capacitance is the farad (F) or microfarad. The
capacitors used in the circuit are electrolytic-capacitor. In the circuit the
electrolytic capacitor is used as a bypass capacitor. Any noise variation in
the circuit is removed by the capacitor.
Figure – Electronic
Symbol of Capacitor
A capacitor is made up of two metallic plates. With a
dielectric material in between the plates. When you apply a voltage over the
two plates, an electric field is created. And this is what the physicists mean
when they say that “a capacitor works by storing energy electrostatically
in an electric field”.
Figure – Physical Structure of Capacitor
A capacitor is a device that stores electricity inside it
when it is supplied and gives it out in a circuit when there is a loss in
electricity. It is like a rechargeable battery but there is a lot of difference
between them.
A capacitor can store a small amount of current and can
charge instantly whereas a battery can store a large amount of current and
takes a while to charge.
There are many types of capacitors but the two common types
are- electrolytic (polarised) and non electrolytic (non polarised). Capacitance
is normally measured in pico farads, nano farads and micro farads.
Capacitors
are used commonly and useful as an electronic component in the modern circuits
and devices. The capacitor has a long history and usage with more than 250
years ago the capacitors are the oldest electronic component being studied,
designed, developed and used. With further technology, the capacitors are come
up with different types based on their factors. In this article, we are
discussing the most popular and most useful types of capacitors. The capacitor
is a component and it has the ability to store energy in the form of electrical
charge produces the electrical difference across its plates and it is like a
small rechargeable battery.
Figure – Different Capacitors
It is important to remember that there are
a number of different types of capacitors available, but they all follow the
same basic laws. The major difference between capacitors is the dielectric used
(material used between the two plates).
Some of the major types of capacitors used
include:
Ceramic Capacitor : used
in many applications from audio to RF. Values range from a
few picofarads to around 0.1 microfarads. Ceramic capacitors are by
far the most commonly used type of capacitor being cheap and reliable and their
loss factor is particularly low although this is dependent on the exact
dielectric in use. These capacitors are widely used both in leaded and surface
mount formats
Electrolytic capacitor : are
a type of capacitor that is polarised. They are able to offer high capacitance
values - typically above 1μF, and are most widely used for low frequency
applications - power supplies, decoupling and audio coupling applications as
they have a frequency limit of around 100 kHz.
Tantalum capacitor : like
electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitors are also polarised and offer a
very high capacitance level for their volume. However this type of capacitor is
very intolerant of being reverse biased, often exploding when placed under
stress. They must also not be subject to high ripple currents or voltages above
their working voltage. They are available in both leaded and surface mount
formats.
Polystyrene Film
Capacitor : are a relatively cheap form of capacitor
but offer a close tolerance capacitor where needed. They are tubular in shape
resulting from the fact that the plate / dielectric sandwich is rolled
together, but this adds inductance limiting their frequency response to a few
hundred kHz. They are generally only available as leaded electronics
components.
Polyester Film Capacitor
: are
used where cost is a consideration as they do not offer a high tolerance. Many
polyester film capacitors have a tolerance of 5% or 10%, which is adequate for
many applications. They are generally only available as leaded electronics
components.
The capacitance is the ratio of electric
charge (Q) to the voltage (V) and the mathematical expansion is following.
C = Q/V
Where,
- Q is the electric charge in coulombs
- C is the capacitance in farad
- V is the voltage between the plates in volts
2.3 BATTERY : -
In electricity, a
battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that
convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of
the first battery (or " voltaic pile" ) in 1800 by Alessandro Volta
and especially since the technically improved Daniel cell in 1836, batteries
have become a common power source for many household and industrial
applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry
generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth
There are two
types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are
designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable
batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries
come in many sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for
exchanges and computer data centers.
Using the right kind of batteries makes all the difference in the
overall performance and lifespan of your piece of equipment. This guide will
break down the various types of common battery sizes and types so you can get
the most use out of your device.
Figure – 9Volt Battery
Different Battery Sizes :
Different battery sizes contribute to the overall
effectiveness of your equipment, but it is important to understand why.
Generally, the larger the battery is, the more capacity it has for energy
storage.
So even though a
big and small battery are both rated at 1.5V, the big battery stores more
energy and provides a longer battery life.
Figure – Different Batteries
Batteries are extremely useful to us as consumers because
they convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy, eliminating the
need for a direct power source.
2.4 BC547 TRANSISTOR :
-
A
transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic
signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at
least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or
current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current
flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)
power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can
amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many
more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Figure – Physical Structure
of Transistor
The
bipolar NPN transistors used in this design are basically used as switch, to
trigger the relay and as amplifier to boost the mic level to line level. When a
transistor is used as switch, it must be either OFF or fully ON. In the fully
ON state, the voltage VCE across the transistor is almost zero and the
transistor is said to be saturated because it cannot pass any more collector
current IC. The transistor is off when VIN is less than 0.7 V, because the base
current will be zero. The power developed in a switching transistor is very
small In the OFF state IC555 Timer: The 555 timer is a very versatile 8-pin,
which can be configured with a few external components and to build many
circuits involving timing. The NE 555, used in this design is a popular version
that is suitable in most cases where a 555 timer is needed. It is a dual-In
-line (DIL) package.
2.5 IC 555 : -
The
555 timer configuration can be done in three modes but for the purpose of this
design, two of them are required namely: astable and Monostable mode. An
astable circuit produces a square wave with sharp transitions between low and
high. It is called astable because it is not stable in any state since the
output is continually changing between “low” and “high”. A monostable circuit
produces a single output pulse when triggered. It is stable in just one state;
the “output low” state. This is also known as the triggered pulse producer.
Once The 555 timer IC is integreted circuit(chip) used in variety of timer
pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 timer can be used to
provide time delays as an oscillator and as a flip-flop element.Derivatives provide
two (556) or four(558)timing circuit’s in one package.
Figure –
Internal View Of IC - 555
I C 555 as
Switch
When a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in
the Saturation and Cut-Off Region as explained
above. As discussed a transistor will act as an Open switch during Forward Bias
and as a Closed switch during Reverse Bias, this biasing can be achieved by
supplying the required amount of current to the base pin. As mentioned the biasing
current should maximum of 5mA. Anything more than 5mA will kill the Transistor;
hence a resistor is always added in series with base pin. The value of this
resistor (RB) can be calculated using below formulae.
RB = VBE / IB
Where, the value of VBE should be 5V for
IC 555 and the Base current (IB depends on the Collector
current (IC). The value of IB should not exceed mA.
Figure - Transistor
I C 555 as
Amplifier
A Transistors acts as an Amplifier when operating
in Active Region. It can amplify power, voltage and
current at different configurations.
Some of the configurations used in amplifier circuits are
- Common
emitter amplifier
- Common
collector amplifier
- Common base
amplifier
BC547 Transistor
Pinout Configuration.
|
Pin Number |
Pin Name |
Description |
|
1 |
Collector |
Current flows in through collector. |
|
2 |
Base |
Controls the biasing of transistor. |
|
3 |
Emitter |
Current Drains out through emitter. |
Of the above types common emitter type is the popular and
mostly used configuration. When uses as an Amplifier the DC current gain of the
Transistor can be calculated by using the below formulae DC Current Gain = Collector Current (IC) /
Base Current (IB).
2.6 LED : -
“A
light emitting diode is two-LED semi conductor light source .It is a p-n
junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is
applied to the leads ,electrons are able to recombine with electron holes
within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons “.
Figure – LED
A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor
device, which can emit light when an electric current passes through it. To do
this, holes from p-type semiconductors recombine with electrons from n-type
semiconductors to produce light. The wavelength of the light emitted depends on
the band gap of the semiconductor material. Harder materials with stronger
molecular bonds generally have wider band gaps. Aluminium Nitride
semiconductors are known as ultra-wide band gap semiconductors.
Figure – Internal view of LED
2.7 MICRO PHONES : -
This
type of microphone converts pressure fluctuations into electrical current. This
microphone works by means of the principle known as faraday’s law, the
principle states that when an electrical conductor is moved through a magnetic
field ,an electrical current is induced within the conductor Microphones are
types of transducers, they convert acoustic energy i.e. sound signal.
Basically, a microphone is made up of a diaphragm, which is a thin piece of
material that vibrates when it is struck by sound wave.
This
causes other components in the microphone to vibrate leading to variations in
some electrical quantities thereby causing electrical current to be generated.
The current generated in the microphone is the electrical pulse.
Figure – Micro phone
There
are two major types of microphones based on the technical methods of converting
sound into electricity namely the organic and condenser microphone. Table 1
shows the comparison between the dynamic and condenser microphone. Condenser
microphones generally have flatter frequency responses than dynamic, and therefore
mean that a condense microphone is more desirable if accurate sound is a prime
consideration as required in this design.
* * * *
|
CHAPTER 3 |
PIN DISCRIPTION
3. PIN DIAGRAM : -
3.1 CLAP ON AND CLAP
OFF SWITCH BY USING IC555 TIMER : -
·
Pin
1 : - Grounded Terminal: All the voltages are
measured with respect to the Ground terminal.
·
Pin
2 : - Trigger Terminal: The trigger pin is
used to feed the trigger input hen the 555 IC is set up as a monostable
multivibrator. This pin is an inverting input of a comparator and is
responsible for the transition of flip-flop from set to reset. The output of
the timer depends on the amplitude of the external trigger pulse applied to
this pin. A negative pulse with a dc level greater than Vcc/3 is applied to
this terminal. In the negative edge, as the trigger passes through Vcc/3, the
output of the lower comparator becomes high and the complimentary of Q becomes
zero. Thus the 555 IC output gets a high voltage, and thus a quasi stable
state.
·
Pin
3 : - Output Terminal: Output of the timer is
available at this pin. There are two ways in which a load can be connected to
the output terminal. One way is to connect between output pin (pin 3) and
ground pin (pin 1) or between pin 3 and supply pin (pin 8). The load connected
between output and ground supply pin is called the normally on load and that
connected between output and ground pin is called the normally off load.
·
Pin
4 : - Reset Terminal: Whenever the timer IC
is to be reset or disabled, a negative pulse is applied to pin 4, and thus is
named as reset terminal. The output is reset irrespective of the input
condition. When this pin is not to be used for reset purpose, it should be
connected to + VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.
·
Pin
5 : - Control Voltage Terminal: The threshold
and trigger levels are controlled using this pin. The pulse width of the output
waveform is determined by connecting a POT or bringing in an external voltage
to this pin. The external voltage applied to this pin can also be used to
modulate the output waveform. Thus, the amount of voltage applied in this
terminal will decide when the comparator is to be switched, and thus changes
the pulse width of the output. When this pin is not used, it should be bypassed
to ground through a 0.01 micro Farad to avoid any noise problem.
·
Pin
6 : - Threshold Terminal: This is the
non-inverting input terminal of comparator 1, which compares the voltage
applied to the terminal with a reference voltage of 2/3 VCC. The amplitude of
voltage applied to this terminal is responsible for the set state of flip-flop.
When the voltage applied in this terminal is greater than 2/3Vcc, the upper
comparator switches to +Vsat and the output gets reset.
·
Pin
7 : - Discharge Terminal: This pin is connected
internally to the collector of transistor and mostly a capacitor is connected
between this terminal and ground. It is called discharge terminal because when
transistor saturates, capacitor discharges through the transistor. When the
transistor is cut-off, the capacitor charges at a rate determined by the
external resistor and capacitor.
Figure – Pin Diagram of
IC 555
·
Pin
8 : - Supply Terminal: A supply voltage of + 5 V to
+ 18 V is applied to this terminal with respect to ground (pin 1).
NE
555 clap switch module (Figure 2) was implemented by using the basic electronic
components such as microphone, transistor, resistor, capacitor, semiconductor,
diode and LED. An electronic microphone would pick up the input sound of the
clap and that changes sound audio waves into an electrical energy wave which
will be amplified by the following transistor.
There
will be two transistors in a row and in between these transistors is a Bistable
Multivibrator which will flip on or off. The transistor on the other side is
connected to some electronic devices which want to control by the hand clap.
The device (LED) will switch on at the first clap and keep on up to the next
clap sound. The relay would perform as the automatic switch. It is a sound
based activated switch. NE 555 Timer IC is an essential electronic component of
the clap switch. A simple circuit involving a single 8-bit micro-controller and
some peripherals or a complex one involving system on chips (SoCs), IC555 timer
working is involved. These provide time delays, as an oscillator and as a
flip-flop element among other applications. Resistor device used in electrical
current transmission to control the path of the current flowing to an
electronic circuit by applying resistance. Resistors may be fixed resistors
or variable resistors, both controlling the flow of current differently.
3.2 NPN CHARACTERSTICS
: -
The behaviour of an NPN bipolar transistor is
largely controlled by the current flowing into the base (i.e., a positive
current). For the usual collector-emitter voltage drops (i.e., the active
region: positive voltages from a fraction of a volt up to some breakdown
voltage) the collector current (IC) is nearly independent of the
collector-emitter voltage (VCE), and instead depends on the base current (IB).
(This is unusual behaviour usually more voltage produces to more current, but
here the current only increases slightly with increasing VCE.) The current
gain, i.e., the ratio of the collector current to the base current, is often
denoted by or hFE: hFE = IC/IB
Figure – NPN
Characteristics
Specifications : -
These
specifications apply to the NE555. Other 555 timers can have different
specifications depending on the grade (military, medical, etc.). These values
should be considered "ball park" values, instead the current official
datasheet from the exact manufacturer of each chip should be consulted for
parameter limitation recommendations.
·
Supply voltage Vcc = 4.5
to 15V
·
Supply Current (+5V)= 3
to 6 mA
·
Supply Current (+15V)=
10 to 15 mA
·
Out Put Current 200mA
·
Maximum Power
Dissipation 600mW
·
Power Consumption
30mW@5V, 225mW@15V
·
Operating Temperature 0
to 75 Degrees
Trigger Input : -
When
<1/ 3 Vs ('active low') this makes the output high (+Vs). It monitors the
discharging of the timing capacitor in an
a stable circuit. It has a high input impedance > 2M.
Threshold Input : -
When >2 / 3 Vs ('active high') this makes
the output low (0V). It monitors the charging of the timing capacitor in a
stable and monostable circuits.
o It
has a high input impedance > 10Mproviding the trigger input is >1 / 3 Vs,
o Otherwise
the trigger input will override the threshold input and hold the output high
(+Vs).
Reset Input : -
When
less than about 0.7V ('active low') this makes the output low (0V), overriding
other inputs. When not required it should be connected to +Vs. It has an input
impedance of about 10k.
Control Input : -
This can be used to adjust the threshold
voltage which is set internally to be 2 / 3 Vs. Usually this function is not
required and the control input is connected to 0V with a0.01µF capacitor to
eliminate electrical noise. It can be left unconnected if noise is not a
problem
Input Stage : -
Condenser
Microphone (Transducer) The sound of your claps is picked up using a condenser
microphone. This microphone has a stage of amplification built in. The power
for this built in amplifier is supplied by connecting a resistor to a positive
source of voltage, and the changes in current get reflected as changes in
voltage across this resistor according to the familiar relation
V
= I*R. A larger resistor will give you a larger voltage, but then, the current
into the device gets reduced which brings down the gain. The value of 5600 ohms
(usually abbreviated to 5.6K, and written down in schematics as 5K6) seems to
work all right.
3.3 CLAP ON AND OFF
SWITCH BY USING ARDUINO UNO : -
Arduino
based Clap Switch Mechanism (Figure 5) circuit consuming the concept of Analog
to Digital Conversion in Arduino ATmega2560. The Microphone and ATmega2560 to
sense the sound and activate a response based on that basically turns ON or OFF
the device. When the user clapped there have been highest signal at the
microphone this signal is higher than normal signals, initially this signal is
fed to the amplifier, throughout a High Pass Filter.
Figure – Arduino UNO
Kit
o Then
the amplified signal is fed to Analog to Digital converter that converts the
high frequency voltage into variety.
o There
will be a highest signal within the Analog to Digital converter reading of the
ATmega2560.
o This
highest signal finding can toggle a light emitting diode on the circuit, on
every interval clap[4].
Arduino
Micro controller is a multipurpose tool that can be used for many electronic
circuits implementation it’s simply provide many function to a particular
circuit. In the implementation of the clap switch module Arduino based mechanism
were developed with the usage of the Arduino microcontroller.
Microcontroller ATmega 2560
Operating
Voltage 5V
Input
Voltage (Recommended) 7-12V
Input
Voltage (Limited) 6-20V
Digital I/O
Pins 54( 15 provide Pulse Width Modulation
output)
Analog
Input Pins 16
DC
Current per I/O Pin 20mA
DC
Current for 3.3V Pin 50mA
Flash Memory
256 kb( which 8 kb used by boot loader )
SRAM
8 kb
EEPROM
8 KB
Clock
Speed 16 MHz
LED
Build in 13
Capacitors
100nF
Resistor
(R1) 1M ohm
Resistor
(R2) 1k ohm
Resistor
(R3) 15k ohm
Digital
Storage Oscilloscope
* * * *
|
CHAPTER – 4 |
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & WORKING OF CIRCUIT
4.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & WORKING OF CIRCUIT : -
4.1 CLAP ON AND OFF
SWITCH BY USING IC 555 : -
·
AUDIO
AMPLIFIER : - when we clap our hands , the sound
is received by by AUDIO AMPLIFIER. Here the given sound signal is converted
into electrical signal and then amplified by using an audio power amplifier (or
power amp) is an electronic amplifer that reproduces low-power electronic audio
signals such as the signal from radio receiver or electric guitar pickup at a
level that is strong enough for driving (or powering) loud speakers or
headphones. This includes both amplifiers used in home audio systems and
musical instrument amplifers like guitar amplifers. It is the final electronic
stage in a typical audio playback chain before the signal is sent to the
loudspeakers and speak enclosers.
Figure – Circuit Design
of Clapping Switch
The
preceding stages in such a chain are low power audio amplifiers which perform
tasks like pre amplification of the signal (this is particularly associated
with record turn table signals, microphone signals and electric instrument
signals from pickups, such as the electric guitar and electric bass),
Equalization (e.g., adjusting the bass and treble), tone controllers, mixing
different signal inputs or Adding electronic effects such as reverb. The inputs
can also be any number of audio sources like record players, CD players,
digital audio player stand cassette players.
Most
audio power amplifiers require these low-level inputs, which are line level.
While the input signal to an audio power amplifier, such as the signal from an
electric guitar, may measure only a few hundred microwatts, its output may be a
few watts for small consumer electronics devices, such as clock radios, tens or
hundreds of watts for a home stereo system, several thousand watts for a
nightclub's sound system or tens of thousands of watts for a large rock concert
sound reinforcement system. While power amplifiers are available in standalone
units, typically aimed at the hifi audiophile market (a niche market) of audio
enthusiasts and sound reinforcement system professionals, most consumer
electronics sound products, such as clock radios, boom boxes and televisions
have relatively small power amplifiers that are integrated inside the chassis
of the main product.
Figure – Circuit Diagram
of Clapping Switch
FLIP – FLOP CIRCUIT : -
After amplifying the given input signal (sound
of a clap) ,it is fed to flip flop circuit. It consists of two transistors, one
for the on position and the other for the off position. For this reason it is
also known as bi-stable multi vibrator. In electronics, a flip flop or latch is
a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state
information. A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made
to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have
one or two outputs. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic.
Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics
systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.
Flip-flops and latches are used as data storage elements.
A
flip-flop is a device which stores a single bit (binary digit) of data; one of
its two states represents a "one" and the other represents a
"zero". Such data storage can be used for storage of state, and such
a circuit is described as sequential logic in electronics. When used in a
finite-state machine, the output and next state depend not only on its current
input, but also on its current state (and hence, previous inputs).
It
can also be used for counting of pulses, and for synchronizing variably-timed
input signals to some reference timing signal. Flip-flops can be either simple
(transparent or opaque) or clocked (synchronous or edge triggered). Although
the term flip-flop has historically referred generically to both simple and clocked
circuits, in modern usage it is common to reserve the term flip-flop
exclusively for discussing clocked circuits; the simple ones are commonly
called latches.
Using
this terminology, a latch is level-sensitive, whereas a flip-flop is
edge-sensitive. That is, when a latch is enabled it becomes transparent, while
a flip flop's output only changes on a single type (positive going or negative
going) of clock edge.
CIRCUIT AMPLIFIER : -
The signal after this process the outcome electric signal becomes very weak.
So, it is amplified using another transistor and given to relay, it acts as a
mechanical switch This article is about electronic amplifiers. For other uses,
see Amplifier (disambiguation). A 100 watt stereo audio amplifier used in home
component audio systems in the 1970s.
An
amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device
that can increase the Power of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). An
amplifier uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude of
a signal. The amount of amplification provided by an amplifier is measured by
its gain: the ratio of output voltage, current, or power to input. An amplifier
is a circuit that has a power gain greater than one,
An amplifier can either be a separate piece of
equipment or an electrical circuit contained within another device.
Amplification is fundamental to modern electronics, and amplifiers are widely
used in almost all electronic equipment.
Amplifiers can be categorized in
different ways. One is by the frequency of the electronic signal being
amplified. For example, audio amplifiers amplify signals in the audio (sound)
range of less than 20 kHz, RF amplifiers amplify frequencies in the radio
frequency range between 20 kHz and 300 GHz, and servo amplifiers and
instrumentation amplifiers may work with very low frequencies down to direct
current.
Amplifiers
can also be categorized by their physical placement in the signal chain; a
preamplifier may precede other signal processing stages, for example.[4] The
first practical electrical device which could amplify was the triode vacuum
tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers
around 1912. Clap switch is a circuit that can switch ON & OFF a light,
fan, radio etc. by the sound of clap.
The
sound of clap is received by a small microphone that is shown biased by
resistor R1 in the circuit. The microphone changes sound wave in to electrical
wave which is further amplified by Q1.Transistor Q1 is used as common emitter
circuit to amplify weak signals received by the microphone. Amplified output
from the collector of transistor Q1 is then feed to the bi- stable multi
vibrator circuit also known as flip-flop. Flip-flop circuit is made by using
two Transistors, in our circuit Q2 and Q3.
Figure – Clapping
Switch on Bread Board
In a flip-flop circuit, at a time only one
transistor conduct and other cut off and when it gets a trigger pulse from
outside source then first transistor is cut off and 2nd transistor conducts.
Thus output of transistor is either logic-0 or logic-1 and it remains in one
state 0or 1 until it gets trigger pulse from outer source.
The
pulse of clap which is a trigger for flip-flop which makes changes to the
output which is complementary (reverse).Output of flipflop which is in the low
current form is unable to drive relay directly so we have used a current
amplifier circuit by using Q4 which is a common emitter circuit. Output of Q4
is connected to a Relay (Electromagnetic switch), works like a mechanical
switch.
Working of
D-type Flip-flop
Here we are using Positive Edge Triggered
D-type flip-flop, which means this flip flop only responds when
clock pulse would go from LOW to HIGH. OUTPUT Q will be shown according to
state of INPUT D, at the time of the Clock pulse transition (Low to High). Flip
flop remembers this OUTPUT state Q (Either HIGH or LOW), until the next
positive clock pulse (Low to High). And again shows the OUPUT Q, according to
the input state D, at the time of clock pulse transition (LOW to HIGH)
Figure – flip flop
D-type Flip-flop is basically the advanced version of S-R flip flop. In
S-R flip flop, the S=0 and R=0 is forbidden, because it is making the flip-flop
behaving unexpectedly.
This problem is
resolved in D-type Flip-flop, by adding a Inverter between both the inputs (see
the diagram) and the second input is given by the Clock pulse to both the NAND
gates. Inverter is introduced to avoid same logic levels at both the inputs, so
that “S=0 and R=0” condition never occurs.
|
Clock |
D |
Q |
Q' |
Description |
|
↓ » 0 |
X |
Q |
Q' |
Memory |
|
↑ » 1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Reset Q » 0 |
|
↑ » 1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Set Q » 1 |
We can deduce the truth table for this D-Flip-flop in above
table. D-type Flip-flop doesn’t change its state while clock pulse is low,
because it gives the output logic level “1” at NAND gates A and B, which is the
input for NAND gates X and Y. And when both the inputs are 1 for NAND gates X
and Y, then output don’t change (remember S-R flip-flop).
The conclusion is that it will not change its state while clock pulse is
LOW, regardless of INPUT D. It only change when there is transition in Clock
pulse from LOW to HIGH. It won’t change during the HIGH and LOW period.
* * * *
4.2
CLAP ON AND OFF SWITCH BY USING ARDUINO UNO : -
Clap Switch Using Arduino and LM393 Sound Sensor. I
am sure that you all are aware of the working of the basic switches and their
use. There are many types of switches available in the market, some of them
have two or more terminals. Basically, a two-pin switch is most common among
all. They are used in electrical networks to complete or break the circuits. We
use an Arduino
UNO microcontroller board to
control the circuit and a LM393 sound
sensor for detecting the clap sound which we have to produce. You can also
check out more such cool projects based on Arduino.
In this project, we will make a digital switch that works automatically. Please
make the circuit according to the given diagram and then upload the given
Arduino code.
Figure – Pin Description of Arduino Kit
We use a LM393 sound sensor
that generates a high output whenever it detects a sound signal. If you are not
familiar with the working of the Sound Sensor with Arduino then
please check it out first. We have to clap to generate a loud sound so the
sensor will detect it. When you clap near the sound sensor the LED will go on
when you clap again the LED goes off. There are two given circuits and you can
make any one of your choices. One circuit is designed to turn on and off an AC
bulb and the other is for an LED. Please work carefully with the AC load.
Components Required for Arduino Clap Switch : -
|
Arduino Uno |
× 1 |
|
LM393 Sound Sensor
Module |
× 1 |
|
5V Relay Module |
× 1 |
|
LED and resistor kit |
× 1 |
|
Breadboard |
× 1 |
|
Jumper wires kit |
× 1 |
|
USB cable type A/B |
× 1 |
4.2.1 LM393 Sound Sensor Module : -
The sound sensor module
makes it simple to detect sound and is commonly used to determine sound
intensity. For protection, switching and monitoring
applications, this module can be used. It is easy to adjust its precision to
ease of use. It
uses a microphone that provides an amplifier, high detector, and buffers for
the signal. When a sound is detected, the sensor generates
an output signal voltage, which is then sent to a
micro-controller, which performs the required processing.
Figure – Sound Sensor
The sound
detector sensor module for Arduino determines whether or not sound has crossed
a predefined threshold value. A microphone detects sound, which is then fed
into an LM393 op -amp. An onboard potentiometer is used to change the sound level set point. As
the sound frequency reaches the threshold, an LED on the module illuminates and
the output is reduced.
LM393 Sound Sensor Module Specifications : -
|
Operating voltage |
3.3 V – 5 V |
|
Sensitivity |
48-66
Db |
|
Outputs |
one
analog + one digital |
|
Impedance |
2.2
kΩ |
|
Operating
temperature |
-40
°C to +85 °C |
|
Frequency
response |
50
Hz – 20 kHz |
|
Indicator
LED |
1
power indicator + 1 comparator output indicator |
|
Dimensions |
44
x 15 x 10 mm |
The LM393 Sound Sensor Module is made by PRC.
Figure – Pin Connection
of Arduino
Above
figure of pin diagram shows how the sound sensor interfacing with the Arduino
board to processing on the clap on and clap of switch. Where we using
microcontroller and the sound sensor to detect the sound and process on sound,
act like a switch to ON and OFF the LED
bulb.
4.2.2 5V Relay Module : -
A relay
consists of three pins : -
NO (Normally Open) terminal, NC (Normally Closed)
terminal, common pin, and coil. The
contacts connected to each other are created when a coil is powered on the
magnetic field.
The part of a relay that moves is called the COM (Common) terminal. The COM is
connected to the NC (Normally Closed) terminal when a relay is turned off. The
relay’s NO (Normally Open) terminal is not connected until the relay is turned
on. The COM moves from NC to NO when the relay is turned on.
To
connect relay module with Arduino As shown in relay working idea it depends on
magnetic field generated from the coil so there is power isolation between the
coil and the switching pins so coils can be easily powered from Arduino by
connecting VCC and GND bins from Arduino kit to the relay module kit after that
we choose Arduino output pins depending on the number of relays needed in
project designed and set these pins to output and make it out high (5 V) to
control the coil that allow controlling of switching process.
5V Relay Module Specifications
|
Operating voltage |
3.75V – 6V |
|
Quiescent
current |
2mA |
|
Current
when the relay is active |
~70mA |
|
Relay
maximum contact voltage |
250VAC
or 30VDC |
|
Relay
maximum current |
10A |
RELAY WORKING IDEA :
Relays consist of three pins normally
open pin , normally closed pin, common pin and coil. When coil powered on magnetic
field is generated the contacts connected to each other.
Figure
Relay modules 1-channel
features
•
Contact current 10A and 250V AC or 30V DC.
•
Each channel has indication LED.
•
Coil voltage 12V per channel.
•
Kit operating voltage 5-12 V
•
Input signal 3-5 V for each channel.
•
Three pins for normally open and closed for each channel.
4.2.3 ARDUINO PROGRAME
FOR CLAP ON & OFF SWITCH
: -
Programme : -
/*****
Arduino Clap Switch *****/
int
Sound Sensor=2; // LM393 Sound Sensor Digital Pin D0 connected to pin 2
int
LED=3; // LED connected to pin 3
boolean
LED Status=false;
void
setup() {
pin
Mode(Sound Sensor, INPUT);
pin
Mode(LED,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
//initialize serial
}
void
loop() {
int
Sensor Data=digital Read(Sound Sensor);
Serial.println
(Sensor Data);//print the value
if(Sensor
Data==1){
if(LED
Status==false)
{
LED
Status=true;
Digital
Write(LED,HIGH);
}
else
if(LED Status==true)
{
LED
Status=false;
Digital
Write(LED,LOW);
}}}
Steps to Execute
Arduino programme of “ Clap ON & OFF Switch “ by using Arduino IDE Software
–
ü Step 1 –
Write your programme on Arduino ide
software, save your programme.
ü Step 2 –
Check out the Data pin Connection with
Arduino kit in PC device manager.
ü Step 3 –
For compiling the programme click on verify, before verifying the programme the
laptop must connect to the internet.
ü Step 4 –
To verifying the programme the compilation is automatically done by using
internet.
ü Step 5 –
After Successful Compilation of programme without any errors enable the data
pin to upload the programme to Arduino Kit.
ü Step 6 –
Select the Arduino Board You chose to execute and programme.
ü Step 7 –
After upload the programme proceed with your next circuit design.
ü Step 8 –
Data pin must connect to programing computer when programme is uploaded.
ü Step 9 – Choose
your different operational Arduino kits in board selection clearly.
ü Step 10 –Choose
a data cable pin in the Programing Computer managers.
*
* * *
CHAPTER – 5
PLANNING AND APPROACH
5.
PLANNING
AND APPROACH : -
This
objective of the project is to design a clap activated switch device that will
serve well in different controlled applications, providing inexpensive key and
at the same time free from false triggering. This involves the design of
various stages consisting of the pickup transducer, low frequency, audio low
power and low noise amplifier, timer, bistable multivibrator and switches. It
also consists of special network components to prevent false triggering and
ensure desired performance objectives. A decade counter IC serves the bistable
function instead of flip-flop.
APPROACH : -
•
The condenser microphone will capture the sound and convert it into an electric
signal.
Hand
claps are typically within the 2800 hertz range.
•
The 2nd stage amplifier will enlarge the signal which will help the 1st 555
timer to recognize the 1st clap.
•
The decade counter is there to check if the two claps are generated within 3
seconds.
•
The microphone will pick the hand clap sound and converted as an electro
signal.
•
Human hand clap sound are normally within the 2200Hz to 2800Hz array. In the
circuit the second stage amplifier will amplify the signal that has to be
helpful the NE 555 timer to Identify the hand first clap sound.
• Switch will trigger the device and move to
ON state.
• The second hand clap is Identify by the NE
555 timer within an interval then the switch will trigger the device and move
to OFF state.
• Initial the received signal through the
microphone is passed to the circuit then the system will be activated with the
first input.
• Until received the second signal circuit is
in the activated stage.
• After received second output to the circuit
its goes to knock off stage.
• The implementation of the clap switch
Mechanism has following stages showed in the below Figure.
*
* * *
CHAPTER – 6
APPLICATIONS
6. APPLICATIONS : -
1.
Clap activated switch device will serve well in different phone-controlled
applications.
2.
Clap switch is generally used for a light, television, radio or similar
electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from bed.
3.
This circuit functions on using the sound energy provided by the clap which is
converted into electrical energy by condenser microphone . Using this converted
electrical energy which is used to turn on relay (an electronic switch).
4.
The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.
5.
The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can turn something (e.g. a
lamp) on and off from any location in the room (e.g. while lying in bed) simply
by clapping your hands.
6.
The major disadvantage is that it's generally cumbersome to have to clap one's
hands to turn something on or off and it's generally seen as simpler for most
use cases to use a traditional light switch.
7. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility impaired
person. A clap switch is generally used for a light, television, radio or
similar electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from bed.
8. There is a further scope of work on this project. This circuit
can be made more accurate and more sensible to suit the practical use in our
daily lives.
9. This circuit can switch on and off light a fan or a radio and etc; by
the sound of a clap.
10. This circuit is constructed
using basic electronic component like resistor transistor relay transformer
capacitor.
11. It can be used in the case of
saving power and time. If we modify this circuit we can
12 .Use it for security purpose
also.
* * * *
CHAPTER
– 7
ADVANTAGES
7. ADVANTAGES
: -
1.
Energy efficient.
2.
Low cost and reliable circuit.
3.
Complete elimination of manpower.
4.
Perfect Accuracy.
5.
The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.
6.
We can turn something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any location in the room
(e.g. while lying in the bed) simply by clapping our hands.
7. This circuit turns on light for the first clap the light
turns “ ON “ till the next clap for the next clap turns “ OFF “ this circuit
works with 12v voltage. therefore a step transformer 12v/300ma is employed.
8. The working of the circuit is based on amplifying
nature of the transistor switching the nature of transistor and relay as an electronic
switch.
9. The
main benefit of clap switch is, we can control any electric load like light, a
fan from any place in the room by clapping our hands.
10.
This
system is very useful for mobility-impaired persons and elders.
* * * *
CHAPTER – 8
CONCLUSION
8.
CONCLUSION
: -
1)
Assemble the circuit on
a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable box. This circuit is very
useful in field of electronic circuits.
2)
By using some
modification it area of application can be extended in various fields. It can
be used to raised alarm in security system with a noise, and also used at the
place where silence needed.
3)
This project gives us a
great deal of knowledge about the 555 timer chips, working of clocks and the
relay. This type of device provides us with the working of NE555 timer chips
and the relay.
4)
The relay is a type of
switch which provides a conducting path only when current flows it.
5)
In this project as soon
as the 2nd timer triggers the relay a conducting path is established between
terminals of the load and hence the device is turned on. The time interval
between the claps is judged with the time constant established with the RC configuration
which is T=1.1R7*C3.
6)
This switch is very low
cost and is very useful to the elderly and physically challenged people. But
the major disadvantage of this switch is false triggering.
7)
The switch can be
triggered by any two sounds similar to that of hands clapping. So care has to
be taken to avoid this kind of false triggering and the switch should not be
used in very sensible applications.
8)
It is only for home
uses. But nevertheless it is an excellent example of electronics evolution and
how engineering and electronics have made our life easier.
9)
Assembling the circuit
on the breadboard and having tested in multiple times with different test cases
we could build our autonomous clapping switches with these two mechanism IC 555
clap switch and Arduino clap switch both were worked with efficiency and
effectively.
10)
The clap activated
switching device function properly by responding to both hand claps at about
three to four meter away and finger tap sound at very close range, since both
are low frequency sounds and produce the same pulse wave features.
11)
The resulting device is
realizable, has good reliability and its relatively inexpensive.
12)
To measure the
efficiency of the both system acoustic measurements is very important.
13)
The Acoustic
Measurements result is mostly depending on the internal components of the
microphone such as springy clamping, ring capillary tube, gold-plated contact,
disc spring, quartz isolation disc, back plate electrode and membrane.
14)
The efficiency of the
system is determining the sound velocity also. The NE 555 based clap switch and
Arduino based clap switch were analysis with acoustic and sound velocity
measurements.
15)
Finally, Arduino based systems were providing
more efficient than the NE 555 based clap switch circuit.
*
* * *
CHAPTER
- 9
FUTURE
SCOPE
9.
FUTURE
SCOPE : -
v We
can increase the range of this equipment by using better Mic.
v But
if a simple band pass filter is used then this problem could be avoided.
v The
frequency range of hand clapping is in between 2200 and 2800 Hertz.
v Here
the signal from the condenser mic is beta times amplified by the amplifier
stage.
v To
add more sensitivity to the switch, the amplification factor may be increased.
v We
can use this as Remote Controller.
*
* * *
CHAPTER - 10
RESULTS
10.
RESULT
: -
Ø To
measure the efficiency of the both system acoustic measurements is very
important. The Acoustic Measurements result is mostly depending on the internal
components of the microphone such as springy clamping, ring capillary tube,
gold-plated contact, disc spring, quartz isolation disc, back plate electrode
and membrane.
Ø The
efficiency of the system is determining the sound velocity also.
Figure
– Clapping Switch Results on IC 555
Ø The
IC 555 based clap switch and Arduino based clap switch were analysis with
acoustic and sound velocity measurements. Finally, Arduino based systems were
providing more efficient than the IC 555 & Arduino both based clap switch
circuit.
Ø Simply
can measure the cost efficiency of the both system. The minimum cost is
required to implement the IC 555 based clap switch but implementing Arduino
based clap switch module is expensive. Arduino based clap switch module is
working technical efficient manner.
Ø The
power consuming of the both systems are similar. Maintenance of the system IC
555 based clap switch is cheaper than the Arduino based system. During the
practical implementation of the project, some of the values or components had
to be changed in order to get more accurate result.
Figure
– Clapping Switch Results in Arduino
Ø The
circuit was first performed on bread board and only after successful
implementation and satisfied output, it was built on a PCB board.
*
* * *
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
: -
Reference
Books : -
1. Robert
L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronics devices and circuit theory, ninth
edition.
2. Millman
and Halkias, Electronics devices and circuit theory
3. Olokede,
S.S., 2008. Design of a Clap Activated Switch. Leonardo Journal of Sciences,
7(13), pp.44-58.
4. Jeneeth Subashini, S., Krishnan, R.G.,
Karthick, S and ArunKumar, V., 2014. Sound Heard Dimming Light Circuit with
Three States used for Domestic alerts, Roofings in Hotels, Kids corner.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2(3), pp.290-300.
5. Bagchi,
S., Ghosh, S. and Nandi, D., 2013. Clap Switching. International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, 4(11), pp.1356-1367
6. Wilcher,
D., 2012. Learn electronics with Arduino. Apress., pp. 1-205
7. Amariei,
C., 2015. Arduino Development Cookbook. Packt Publishing Ltd., pp. 31-152
8. Margolis,
M., 2011. Arduino Cookbook: Recipes to Begin, Expand, and Enhance Your
Projects. " O'Reilly Media, Inc."., pp. 27-154.
9. https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/clapswitch-using-arduino
Access on 5 July 2017. Temp123
10. Ojeleke
B., & Olawale S. 2014. Design and Construction of Clap Activated Switch.
National Diploma Project Report, Federal Polytechnic, Electrical Electronics
Engineering, Offa.
11. Unconventional
Uses for IC Timers” Jim Wyland and Eugene Hnatek,
12. Electronic
Design, June 7, 1973, pp. 88-90.
13. DC-to-DC
Converter Uses the IC Timer”, Robert Soloman and Robert
14. Broadway,
EDN, September 5, 1973, pp. 87-91.
15. R
Carlile, Stevens, and E Dale Reamer invented a clap switch on 20th Feb 1996.
Reference
on Web Help : -
1.
www.scribd.com
2.
www.electronicschematics.in
4.
www.kpsec.com
7.
www.efy.com
8.
www.electronics.com
Special
Reference on Web Help by Project Holders : -
https://minnelaclapswitchproject.blogspot.com
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* * * * *
A Special Thank To Our Project
Guidance
Dr. C. Vedavathi Madam
Project
Submited To
Sri Venkateswara College
Of Sciences
Sri Venkateswara University
Tirupati – 517502 –
Andhra Pradesh
Submitted
By
Minnela MuraliKrishna (
25021062022 )
CALL - 9346284603,8886633380
Penumooru VishnuVardhan
( 25021062017 )
CALL - 6301929003
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